The Problem Of Drug Addiction - 967 Words

Drug addiction is an ever-growing problem faced in society and, although the government tries to take action to keep drugs off the streets, people of all social classes and backgrounds still fall victim to drug abuse. However, environmental situations can make an individual more susceptible: age, gender, location, genetics, family situations and the like can all be factors into an individuals’ drug habit. There are complications with picking the correct plan suited to a person. Each client is their own person and every client’s treatment plan may be different from others, therefore social workers and counselors must be conscious of these differences from person to person. Some clients may find comfort using spirituality as a higher power to aid in recovery, whereas others may not want any part in turning to religion, therefore the recovery plans would be vastly different. Another complication that may arise is individuals who suffer from a substance addiction as well as a mental illness. The combination of the two can prove more difficult for a social worker or counselor because instead of focusing on one key issue, the client needs addition treatment for both. The case worker must also decide whether the individual would benefit more from treating one issue at a time, or trying to work on both at once. Although, treatment of one issue at a time may take longer, the social worker has to consider if trying to take on both issues at once would be too strenuous on the client,Show MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Drug Addiction1233 Words   |  5 PagesThis report will outline the problems of drug addiction that have arisen in the young teens and as well give possible solutions on how to overcome it. Drug addiction, increasing immensely in our society, is currently the biggest problem in young teens these days. Looking at the future of our country drowning in d rugs is a big disappointment. To prevent drug addiction parents should guide their children into the right path, schools should promote healthy living, and the government should step forwardRead MoreDrug Addiction Problem1399 Words   |  6 PagesSolving the Problem of Drug Addiction 1.Drug abuse and addiction continues to be a global issue. According to the â€Å"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime† (UNODC), about 5% of the global population used an illicit drug in 2010 alone, and about 27 million or 0.6 percent of the adult population of the world can be categorized as drug abusers. A7 2.This paper explores some of the measures that can be taken to resolve the drug addiction problem in the world. 3.Addressing various risk and protectiveRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction974 Words   |  4 Pagesan addiction, whether a person is addicted to alcohol, methamphetamines, marijuana or over the counter drugs, people often have different sides to this. Some may say that an addiction is a disease; others say that an addiction is just a poor choice of a person’s life. The National Institute on Drug Abuse states that â€Å"†¦drug addiction is a complex disease, and quitting takes more than good intentions or a strong will. In fact, because drugs change the brain in ways that foster compulsive drug abuseRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction952 Words   |  4 Pagesperson initially taking drugs can vary and while the action itself is voluntary: the eventual drug addiction is essentially involuntary. Drug addiction is a complex and chronic disease, a brain disease, which changes the way the brain functions. Drug addiction, much like chronic illnesses such as heart disea se and diabetes, disrupts healthy, normal functioning organs. This has harmful consequences that are both preventable and treatable (Branch, 2011, pp.263-265). Drug addiction is considered a brainRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction930 Words   |  4 Pagesconsumed alcohol, 15% have smoked cigarettes, and 16.5% have used marijuana. † A drug can be defined as a something which â€Å"alters your mind or body that is not food † which is something all of these substances have in common. There has been a massive increase in underage consumption of illegal substances in the last several decades. These substances which young people are using are known for being very addictive. Addiction is much more likely to occur when started at a young age and having more severeRead MoreThe Problems of Drug Addiction954 Words   |  4 PagesDrug addiction A reasonable number of people do not understand why other people get addicted to drugs. Some even associate drug abuse and addiction with lack of moral principles or willpower. People subscribing to this school of thought believe that drug addicts can stop using drugs by simply changing their behavior. They fail to realize that drug addiction is a complex disease whose eradication calls for many things other than changing habits. Drugs basically change the way a human brain worksRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction1796 Words   |  8 Pages Drug addiction has long been and still is a typical issue around the world. Jesmyn Ward writes about the effect of drug addiction in her community in DeLisle and the toll it took in her life and Rog’s life. There are different reason why people get addicted and various levels to which people become dependent on drugs, but the main thing I am going to be addressing is the multiple perspective on the causes for addiction. The ones I am going to explore are Low Income neighborhoods, social, financialRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction1042 Words   |  5 PagesOPENING/ATTENTION: In reality, drug addiction is an unpredictable ailment, and stopping takes more than great goals or an in number will. Truth be told, because drugs change the mind in ways that cultivate compulsive drug misuse, stopping is troublesome, notwithstanding for the individuals why should prepared do as such The dependence on medications is a troublesome thing for any person to bargain with. Often, habit prompts the decay of a man s prosperity, budgetary security, and health. Drug addicts experienceRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction2110 Words   |  9 PagesMODEL(S) OF ADDICTION In going through the counseling process with Marge she was explained that there is the possibility that it could be a factor of genetics. When considering her background one has realized that she not only has an alcohol addiction, but it was the same for her father and her uncle, both of whom had lost their lives to the disease. In talking about the disease model with Marge she seemed to be more at ease with the situation and more willing to accept the fact that she does haveRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction Essay2435 Words   |  10 Pagesgoing to solve your problems? According to NIH, the death rate caused by usage of heroin has been increased by triple of its number in the past 10 years. The purpose is to treat people; especially teenagers understanding its negative consequences it has on them before they get addicted to it. When the addiction starts addicts have no idea that they would be so in to it that there is no possible way to stop. Addiction is a chronic, weakened disease characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and use despite

alpine village case study Essay - 877 Words

Financial Forecasting: Riverview Community Hospital Alpine Village Clinic is a small walk-in clinic located next to the primary ski area of Alpine Village, a winter resort close to Aspen, Colorado. The clinic specializes in treating injuries sustained while skiing. It is owned and operated by two physicians: James Peterson, an orthopedist, and Amanda Cook, an internist (Gapenski and Pink, 2009). The clinic has an outside accountant who takes care of payroll matters, but Dr. Cook does all the other financial work for the clinic. However, to help in that task, the clinic recently hired a part-time MBA student, Doug Washington. First Bank of Aspen is the primary lender of Alpine Village and due to a forecasted reduction†¦show more content†¦Daily billings are 20%, 20%, 60% collection based monthly and the lease payment is made on the first of the month (Gapenski and Pink, 2009). Variable medical costs at the clinic are assumed to consist entirely of medical and administrative supplies. These supplies, which are estimated to cost 15 percent of billings, are purchased two months before expected usage. On average, the clinic pays about half of its suppliers in the month of purchase and the other half in the following month (Gapenski and Pink, 2009). Clinical labor costs are the primary expense of the clinic. During the high season (December through March), these costs run $150,000 a month, but some of the clinical staff work only seasonally, so clinical labor costs drop to $120,000 a month in the remaining months (Gapenski and Pink, 2009). The clinic pays fixed general and administrative expenses, including clerical labor, of approximately $30,000 a month, while lease obligations amount to $12,000 per month. These expenditures are expected to continue at the same level throughout the forecast period. The clinic’s miscellaneous expenses are estimated to be $10,000 monthly. The clinic has a semi-annual, five-year, 10 percent, $500,000 term loan outstanding with First Bank. Payments of $64,752 are due on March 15 and September 15. Also, the clinic is planning to replace an old x-ray machine in February with a new one that costs $125,000Show MoreRelatedAlpine Village Clinic Case Study1335 Words   |  6 Pages Alpine Village Clinic is located in a winter resort near the city of Aspen, Colorado. Although open year around, it is mostly a seasonal business since the bulk of patients seen at the clinic walk in during the winter months of December to March, when skiing is in full swing and pertaining injuries are common. The doctors thought about closing the clinic during the summer months, however running the clinic for a portion of the year is inefficient, and in addition, there seems to be a sufficientRead MoreThe areas the case studies are located, have some outstanding similarities in terms of their1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe areas the case studies ar e located, have some outstanding similarities in terms of their peculiar position in the geography of Georgia, respectively Azerbaijan. But also several social, ethnic, economic and ecological factors are comparably particular for the regions (c.f. Tarkhnishvili, 2001 for Georgia). In particular, the influence of the Soviet legacy on agriculture and local knowledge cultures seems to be an outstanding similarity. Georgia – Agriculture and Environment In Georgia, theRead MoreThe Impact of Global Warming on Tourism Industry in Case of Alpine Winter Destinations2415 Words   |  10 PagesTHE IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON TOURISM INDUSTRY IN CASE OF ALPINE WINTER DESTINATIONS 1. Introduction The global climate is changing; this affects all of us. Therefore future will bring up new subjects to be dissccused for everybody. What way of transportation do we use? How many water are we wasting? Has the food we eat grown in an ecological environment? All of us are involved when thinking about the future of mother earth. Also business world has to consider their futural behaviourRead MoreA Research On Environmental Management And Conservation1637 Words   |  7 Pagesstarting point for building my knowledge of GIS tools used in environmental management and conservation for my concept map. The authors present an exploratory study using purposive testing among four different groups (scientist, non-scientist, agency manager and social scientist) included in the Coastal Landscape Analysis Modelling Study (CLAMS) in Western Oregon. CLAMS combines remote sensing with web base surveys. It was found that each participant had differing perspectives of the use of GISRead MoreHimachal Pradesh8795 Words   |  36 Pagestropical in the southern tracts to cold, alpine and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges with more elevation. The state has areas like Dharamsala that receive very heavy rainfall, as well as those like Lahaul and Spiti that are cold and almost rainless. Broadly Himachal experience three seasons; hot weather season, cold weather season and rainy season. Summer lasts from mid April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in alpine zone which experience mild summer) withRead MoreTourism of Switzerland10781 Words   |  44 Pagescoh esion and the pursuit of the common good, while upholding the country’s cultural and linguistic diversity Much of Switzerland’s landscape is covered by mountains – apparently inhospitable terrain for human habitation. And yet the routes across the Alpine and Jura mountain passes have brought in people and goods since prehistoric times. The Swiss Plateau, which stretches from Lake Geneva in the west to Lake Constance in the east, and includes the Alps, Jura and the River Rhine, was and continues toRead MoreThe Beauty and Complexity of Minimalism: Pine Trees by Hasegawa TÃ… haku and a Shoki-Imari Sake Bottle2567 Words   |  11 Pageslifestyle. Clean lines and use of space appeal to my senses and calm me. Sometimes, what is not stated says more than what is stated. I have learned from my study of Japanese art history this semester that simplicity seems to be a common theme in many of the artworks produced throughout Japan’s rich history. Of course, this is not always the case; there are plenty of works that are colorful and loud. Use of color, in fact, seems to be an appreciated value in much of the art I have seen. However, thereRead MorePhytoremediation of Urban Brownfields: a Case for Industrial Hemp2828 Words   |  12 PagesPhytoremediation of Urban Brownfields: A Case for Industrial Hemp By: Jeff Lemon Thursday, June 21, 2012 Brownfields Brownfield Phytoremediation Page 2 Page 4 A Case for Industrial Hemp? Page 5 Executive Summary There are a number of reasons why we should care about brownfields. From encouraging urban sprawl through the ‘development’ of greenfields to their environmental impacts on soil, air and ground water, these properties are a drain upon the urban environment. RedevelopmentRead MoreEssay on Winter Olympics 2006 Marketing Plan16242 Words   |  65 Pages1-33 1 Bondonio Campaniello In the Piedmont, however, in two cases the figures, compared to Salt Lake City, show a reduction (although moderate). This is the case for spectators (although the figure is not yet official) – approximately 1.5 million. There were 100,000 more at Salt Lake City 2002. It is also the case for volunteers (20,000, compared to 22,000 at Salt Lake City 2002, and 32,579 at Nagano 1998). In both cases, the reduction, while not an automatic indication of failure, may neverthelessRead MoreThe Venetian Laggon and Overfishing2680 Words   |  11 Pagesto promote a sustainable yield, and aims to discover what variables of a successful common property regime are missing from the Venetian case. The issue of common property regimes in Italy has been approached previously by multiple economists. Casari and Plott (2003), and McKean and Ostrom (1995) have investigated common property in the context of the unique case of the Magnifica Comunità   di Fiemme, a forestry operation in northern Italy and successful common property regime which despite being a

Genetics Lab Report Free Essays

Reshmi Radhakrishnan, TA: Jared Tues Rm 24 Experiment 6 Purpose: To analyze if diploid yeast strain heterozygous for ARG8 ADE2 HIS3/arg8 ade2 his3 on chromosome XV and TRP1/trp1 on chromosome IV irradiated with UV light underwent mitotic recombination to form homozygous recessive ade2/ade2 mutants. The ade2/ade2 mutant are selected then plated on different media to observe if the homozygous recessive mutants were due to mitotic recombination. Controls: If all the red cells grew on the CSM-Trp plates, than it would show that they are wild type for the TRP1 gene. We will write a custom essay sample on Genetics Lab Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now All of the plates showed thick white colonies for the CSM-Trp plates. They should have been red because the ade2 colony streaked on the plate was red. They were still white because the adenine from the plate had not been exhausted. However, the cells are ade2- because they are red on all the other replica plates. The CSM-Ade plates are also a control. In order to ensure that the cells are ade2-, they would not be able to grown on this plate or have sparse red colonies. Because the cells have the dysfunctional form of the ade2 gene, they would not be able to survive with adenine present in the plate. Since YPD plate was the last replica plate, it was used as a control to make sure that the transfer was effective for all the other plates. Since red colonies appear red on all the other media plates, it is concluded that the transfer was effective. Results: Growth on the replica plating Plate| 1| 2| 3| 4| CSM-Arg| Red colonies| Red| Red| Red| CSM-Ade| Sparse Red| No growth| Sparse Red | Sparse Red| CSM-His| Sparse Red| Red| Red| Red| CSM-Trp| White| White| White | White| YPD| Red| Red | Red| Red| Conclusion: We plated the red colonies or sectors on CSM-Arg, CSM-His, and CSM-His to iscern the genotype of each colony or sector. Colony 1 is ade1 his3 because of the sparse red growth seen on the CSM-Ade and CSM-His plate. Colony 2, 3 and 4 are ade2. The colonies on the CSM-Trp plates were white but should have been red. They were white because they haven’t exhausted the adenine present in the plate. Many of the ade2 cells were also his3 because the recombination occurred between the ade2 gene and centromere. Since mitotic recombination is rare, the chance of double recombination is improbable so the cells would ARG8. Further Questions: i. Yeast can also exist in haploid form. So the ade2 his3 arg8 genotype is possible if there is only one copy of the chromosome and there is loss of the chromosome that was wild type for all the genes. ii. Red sectors in white colonies arise mitotic recombination, by loss of the entire chromosome containing the ade2+ allele, by a deletion of the portion of the chromosome containing the ade2+ allele, or by spontaneous mutation of the ade2+ allele to an ade2- allele. ii. Red colonies were ade2 before the first division on the plate. Red sectors arise from successive divisions after on the plate. Red colonies can also arise from loss of chromosome with the ADE2 allele, mutation of the ADE2 allele, or deletion of the ADE2 allele. iv. If it is a red sector, it is possible to be due to recombination. However reversion from ade2 to ADE2, cannot be distinguished from the white colonies because they look they same phenotypically. How to cite Genetics Lab Report, Essay examples

Identity vs Identity Confusion free essay sample

Our group decided to have a case study on a subject who involved in a group called Skinhead. This is a true story of a person that is closely related with one of our group members. He was a 16 years old male student who studied in a vocational school. According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, Skinhead is a young person, usually a man, with a shaved head and often wearing braces and heavy boots, especially Doc Martens. It first appeared in Britain in the 1960s and was known for their violent behaviour and their support for the right-wing political group. In Malaysian context, Skinhead first appeared in the early year of 1990s, firstly appeared as Punk, which got communitys disagreement as their appearances are too loud- boots, Mohawk, leather Jacket, skinny Jeans and spike hair. So they change to a new culture called Skinhead; which they say that it is cleaner and not too loud. We will write a custom essay sample on Identity vs Identity Confusion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They have their own genre of songs. Subject started to involve himself with Skinhead when he was 16 years old. He was so enthralled with the idea of being in a group and executing new things he never knew. He claims that he and his friends felt like they were strong and powerful as hey shared things together. They did not have the slightest thought about any other things other than merely enjoying themselves. It was self-satisfying and what was more important to them is that, they felt that they were fierce and everyone was afraid of them. Subject states that he was proud to wear Dr. Martin shoes, Jeans, jacket and simple t-shirts. The members of the group could be identified based on their similar hairstyle they must keep their hair not longer than one inch. Subject admits that he was feeling obligated to follow the trend in order to avoid negative ssumptions by his peers. He in fact did not have any idea what Skinhead was all about at that time. However, he knew that it was a culture from the Western countries. This factor encouraged him more that he ended up being one of the followers. He was feeling secured knowing that he belonged to the group and he got his friends on his back. Subject however denies being brutal as the other group of followers. The grand weekly meeting was held every Friday. Subject also adds that usually the other members of any group alike of Skinhead would talk about loyalty to he group as well as proving bravery and strength. Nevertheless, the most important above all things for them is autonomous social relationship. He states that the members were free to mingle with each other regardless of their genders. However, subject makes it clear that he did not take alcohol or any kind of drugs. As a teenager, subject admits that he was not aware that what he did could actually give effect to the other people around him. What he wanted was, to give a go for anything that I feel curious about. He does not blame anyone because whatever he did had nothing o do with his parents, school and society in general, he says. He got everything he needed as a teenager and the people around him cared about him. He admits that the greatest influence came from his peers. APPLICATION OF THEORY: According to Erik Erikson, the fifth stage of his eight stages of human develop ment the adolescents life. During adolescence, life is getting more complicated as we are going through a phase of changing from a child to being an adult. At this rate, adolescents begin to have the feeling of acquiring identity. This feeling includes their ertainty about their own characteristics (who they are), their concern about social identity (what they are all about or to which group whom they belong) and their certainty about their own values and ideals (where they are going in life). In our case, when subject engaged himself with the group, he actually made a commitment without attempting any other identity exploration. Adolescents face many new roles and adult statuses such as occupational role, beliefs and values as well as sexuality. However, they need to be allowed to explore different paths in order to obtain a ealthy identity. Without enough exploration, adolescents are likely to fail from creating a positive future path because the experience they have obtained is not helping at all. As a result, they will remain confused about their identity and thus maladaptations and malignancies (negative outcomes) arise. The involvement of subject with Skinhead could be classified as one of the negative outcomes that take place as a result of inadequate identity exploration by subject. In the process of creating a philosophy of life, we often get the tendency to be idealistic rather than being realistic. We often go to what we think as ideal, conflict- free, and choose to reject reality. This always happens to adolescents. The problem is that they are lacking in experience but always find it easy to substitute ideals with experience. However, strong devotion to friends and causes is always easy to get developed and that is why our most significant relationships are often with peer groups. Subject found that his peers expectation on him was very important. His sense of belonging to the group grew higher since the group members acknowledged his presence. When subject said they were fierce and that everyone was afraid of them, it could be that the society was giving in to them. Society allows a certain degree of freedom to the adolescence in their search for identity. The society does not only provide them with formal institutions such as schools, colleges and universities, but the adolescents are also given tolerance which Erikson calls the psychosocial moratorium. CONCLUSION According to Eriksons fifth psychological stage, adolescent need to be allowed to explore different path to attain a healthy identity. If adolescent do not adequately xplore different roles and did not carve out a positive future path, they can remain confuse about their identity. In my understanding, Erikson encourages the adolescent on trying new things and learns from them. Experience sure is the best teacher out of all. It is like trial and error situation. An adolescent might be involved with something bad like Skinhead, Black metal or drug but in the end, what important is they had their lesson. Thus, they will avoid them from doing the decision and it was a process in finding their own identity. In this situation, Sam involved in Skinhead influence because of his curiosity and his friends influence. At that time, Sam might not think that what he did was wrong but as time passes and he gets more mature, he realizes the fact that his action was wrong. Maturely, he does not put the blame on others but himself. Thus, adolescent need to think carefully before taking any action because it can affect his future. They should involve in activities explore different path to attain a healthy identity, but adolescent must choose the right path in order to gain it. It will be such a great loss if your young time was wasted doing unproductive activity.

A Reaction to Uncle Toms Cabin essays

A Reaction to Uncle Toms Cabin essays A Reaction to Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin So this is the little lady who made this big war. Abraham Lincolns legendary comment upon meeting Harriet Beecher Stowe demonstrates the significant place her novel, Uncle Toms Cabin, holds in American history. Published in book form in 1852, the novel quickly became a national bestseller and stirred up strong emotions in both the North and South. The context in which Uncle Toms Cabin was written, therefore, is just as significant as the actual content. Among other things, Stowes publication of her novel was stimulated by the increasing tensions among the nations citizens and by her fervent belief that slavery was brutally immoral. While she was still young, Harriets family moved from Hartford, Connecticut to Cincinnati, Ohio. At the time, Cincinnati was a battleground for pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces, as well as being a city of religious revivalism, temperance conflicts, and race riots. Her father was a congregationalist minister and her oldest sister, Catherine, was a writer on social reform questions. It is not surprising, therefore, that because of her environment, Harriet became involved in movements emphasizing the moral injustice of slavery. Probably the most significant influence on Harriets writing Uncle Toms Cabin, however, was the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1950. Under the law, people who assisted a runaway slave could receive a fine of $1,000 and six months in prison. Naturally, the statute broadened the slavery debate by involving the northern states in the apprehension of runaway slaves. The North, who had previously adopted a not-our-problem attitude toward slavery, now was forced into a direct role in its propagation. These influences were directly responsible for Stowes creation of Uncle Toms Cabin and its characters, which in h...

Spinozas Theory of Emotions Essays

Spinozas Theory of Emotions Essays Spinozas Theory of Emotions Paper Spinozas Theory of Emotions Paper Christian Scherrer, student number: 013851259 Analysing and synthesizing passions Aspects of Cartesian and Spinozist method It has often been noted that in the third part of his „Ethicsâ€Å" Spinoza follows in his list of definitions of affects to a great extent the one of passions given by Descartes in his â€Å"Passions de lAme† (apart from divergent evaluations of some of the passions1, like Spinoza? s refusal to include admiratio among them). It also appears that both of them are building a taxonomy of passions that introduces some kind of hierarchical order among these. We find both in Descartes as well as in Spinoza a set of passions2 out or by means of which further, in some sense more complex or specific passions are being developed from. What will be my guiding interest in this essay, is to compare and distinguish the two theories of passion according to the sense in which basic or primary passions are named thus and the way they are being discovered or identified and thereby hinting at a difference on the more general level of methodology. I want to begin with what is a starting point in Descartes? and Spinoza? s defining the passions in a general manner. It is very interesting and insightful to compare the procedures through which they arrive at their different conceptions of passions and at identifying and defining the basic ones. It is true that they both operate with the notion of causa as a starting point for their distinction between action and passion, but we should draw our attention to what follows and what comes in between their principles of causality and the definitions of the basic affects to rightly appreciate the differ ence in their approaches. In reality, though, we already find important differences in the relational structure between the notions of action, passion and cause. In the very first paragraph of the â€Å"Passions de lAme†, Descartes starts with a very general principle, adopted from other philosophers, which consists in distinguishing within the components of a causal event between two things: an 1 As Spinoza, like Descartes, names several of the defined entities in part III of the „Ethicsâ€Å" „passionsâ€Å", except from those actions whose „adaequata possimus esse causaâ€Å" (see EIIID3), I will subsequently continue to talk about pas sions, without differentiation between their being cartesian or spinozist, where this distinction by Spinoza can be applied. The references in my quotations from Spinozas â€Å"Ethics† I will always abbreviate with â€Å"E†, followed by roman num bers for the respective part, then the letters â€Å"D† for â€Å"definitione†, â€Å"P† for â€Å"propositio† plus the respective arabic numbers, â€Å"Sch† for â€Å"scholium†, â€Å"Cor† for â€Å"corollarium† etc. References to the â€Å"Passion de lAme† will be abbrevi ated by â€Å"P† plus â€Å" §Ã¢â‚¬  and the respective number of the paragraph. Also here it is adequate to speak only of passions in Spinoza`s use or the term because indeed in part 3 of the Ethics we find such affects that are derived from tristitia (which is always a passion) and laetitia only as far as „in nobis aliquid fit vel ex nostra natura aliquid sequitur, cujus nos non nisi partialis sumus causaâ€Å" (EIIID2), which means being passive. Whether kinds of active joy or even such with compon ents of passive joy can be derived from the basic affects is another question and we will shortly come back on this again. Christian Scherrer, student number: 013851259 active and a passive part in relation to which one and the same event may be called either an action or a passion. So in every single case that falls under this kind of structure we necessarily have one active and one passive component that will determine the perspective on the event relating them and decide whether it is an action or a passion. In Spinoza, on the other hand, we find a completely different structure in the relational field among these notions and we may suppose that this will have consequences on his further proceeding. First we have to consider that for Spinoza it is not enough or even wrong to say of a thing that it is active or acting insofar as it is producing an effect on some other thing. Instead, he is connecting the property of being active to self causality, when he writes in part I that God alone, as a free cause, exists and acts solely out of the necessity of his own nature 3. As God is not only causing all the finite modes but unlike these and primarily himself, it would be absurd to say that he is therefore active and passive at once. Thus, we somehow find the paradigm for activity in God? s self-causation. This also means that we can only define action and passion in their meaning for human beings in a different, more specific sense, namely, characterized as affections (and their ideas) that either augment or diminish some body? s potentia agendi. Compared to Descartes then, we also get a different idea of cause and effect, as they are not in every case identifiable as one active and one passive component connected through some affection that is always action and passion at the same time; rather, insofar as we are the adequate cause of this affection in us it is an action and we can be called active, whereas insofar as we are only an inadequate and partial cause of some affection in us we suffer a passion and are passive 4. So, what is a passion and what an action is less seen in relation to a cause and it? s effect as the one acting on the other, but rather in relation to a contextual or local conception of cause. It seems that one and the same affection can be seen in Spinoza? s thinking as action and passion at once just in case that it can be achieved to conceive of the cause in question (an idea for example) as at the same time adequate and inadequate concerning the scope that the idea of this cause comprises 5. As God can never be conceived of as 3 See EIP17Cor I and II. There is of course a very delicate aspect about the use of the words „inâ€Å" and „extraâ€Å" when Spinoza for example writes: „Nos tum agere dico, cum aliquid in nobis aut extra nos fit, cujus adaequata sumus causa ( )â€Å" (EIIID2). One might ask in what sense there can be effects outside of us insofar as we (our ideas, the affections of our body) have to be seen as their adequate causes without which the effect can not be conceived of nor exist (see EIID2, where „es senceâ€Å" is defined which is not easy to distinguish from an adequate cause). What one can follow along such considerations is a certain expansive trait in Spinoza? s theories of body and mind. 5 Therefor Spinoza writes in EIIIP1: „Further, whatever necessarily follows from an idea which in God is adequate, not insofar as He not only comprises the mind of a single man, but also the minds of other things together with the mind of this man, of this [†¦] the mind of this man is not the adequate, but the partial cause, and therefor (according to definition 2 of this part), insofar as the mind has inadequate ideas, it necessarily suffers some things. (Mind that all the English quotations from primary literature will be my translations from the original language (in this case Latin) with support drawn from the respective German translation, which is due to my lack of English edition at the time of writing this essay. ) 2 Christian Scherrer, student number: 013851259 partial cause of himself, he can only be thought of as active. A changing from passion to action in a mode is not being accomplished then by changing the direction in the relation between cause and effect, but by changing the affective condition of the mode by expanding it and transforming it to an adequate cause of the affect that has been a passion. I would like now to concentrate on the two philosophers proceeding in establishing the basic passions; and here I think we can observe some important features that can help us to recognize the pe culiarities of their methodologies which are commonly referred to as analytic in Descartes? ase and geometrical or synthetic in Spinoza? s. Unlike Spinoza, who gives us a ready definition of affects that already includes the two possible versions of them (actions and passions) in the beginning of part III after not even having mentioned them in the preceding text 6, Descartes first has to go through a long process by employing his general principle of action and passion to the relationship between body and soul to arrive at a defini tion of passions. After distinguishing what we can find as the soul? s and the body? proper functions and he makes us realize that there is a number of mental functions that could rightly be called passions of the soul; namely all those perceptions or cognitions (P §17: â€Å"toutes les sortes de perceptions ou connoissances†) which have the body as their cause and not the soul itself (see P §19). Then he goes on to distinguish different sorts of such perceptions among themselves, relying in every step of analysis on criteria of how their formation dependence from soul or body or if they show a relation to a notable and determinate perceptual cause that has been transmitted to the soul by nerves 7. Among the latter sort of perceptions, he again distinguishes and at last finds to which the name â€Å"passions of the soul†, following an ordinary restriction in the use of the expression, can be applied8, defining them in a general manner as follows: â€Å"After having considered in what the passions of the soul differ from all the other thoughts, it seems to me that one can generally define them as perceptions or sentiments or emotions of the soul which particularly referred to her, and which are caused, maintained and fortified by some movement of the animal spirits. (P §27) 6 Apart from one rather nontechnical occurrence in part one and one very general reference to affects as â€Å"modi cogit andi† in the third axiom of part two. 7 See P §21: â€Å"Or encore que quelques unes de ces imaginations soient des passions de lame, en prenant ce mot en sa plus propre plus particuliere signification; quelles puissent estre toutes ainsi nommees, si on le prend en un e signification plus generale: toutefois, pource quelles nont pas une cause si notable si determinee, que les perceptions que lame recoit par lentremise des nerves (†¦), il faut considerer la difference qui est entre ces autres. 8 See P §25: â€Å"Or encore que toutes nos perceptions (†¦) soient veritablement des passions au regard de nostre ame, lors quon prend ce mot sa plus generale signification: toutefois on a coustume de le restreindre a signifier seulement celles qui se rapportent a lame mesme. Et ce ne sont que ces dernieres, que jai entrepris icy dexpliquer sous le nom de passions de lame. † 3 Christian Scherrer, student number: 013851259 We can already see in this process that, what Descartes does, is a systematic and methodical analysis of notions that we usually do not understand properly. We are aware that there is something in each of us that we commonly call passions. But we do not, until now, really understand what they are, in what they consist, how they come about, etc. So if we want to understand our passions, just like with all the other phenomena that our scientific mind can be concerned with, we in the end need to understand their causes. In his monography â€Å"Expressionism in Philosophy, Spinoza†, Gilles Deleuze characterizes Descartes? analytic method as a process of rendering on the basis of clear and distinct ideas of effects the initially confused ideas of their causes clear and distinct. One can even say that the clear and distinct knowledge of a cause depends on the clear and distinct knowledge of its effect9. Spinoza, opposing these basic ideas in Descartes method, conceives of the right way to attain to real knowledge in an entirely different way in thinking that we always have to proceed from adequate ideas of some causes to adequate ideas of their effects and that the former consist in definitions that are appropriate for expressing the essence of this cause and also involve already the essence of its effects. So we can see how from Spinoza? s point of view the whole procedure of Descartes tries to go in a wrong direction. What has to be done first in Descartes method is not to elaborate a definition that adequately expresses the essence of the cause of the things that we want to explain and get to know, but to attain to clear and distinct ideas of those things whose causes we subsequently want to discover, â€Å"and thence show that the effect would not be what we know it to be, did it not have such a cause on which it necessarily depends†10. In Descartes? iew, the synthetic method is nothing more than a way of demonstrating a proof what has been found by means of the analytic method that has the disadvantage of not demonstrating the concrete way in which we really attained to the demonstrated knowledge, how effects really depend on their causes (which can only be achieved by analytic demonstration) and only has the merit of expositing the strict dependency of the propositions befo re discovered11. So, if Descartes demands starting with elaborating a clear and distinct idea of the effect that we want to examine, we can see now how he attains to this in the first part of the â€Å"Passions de lAme†. Descartes speaks of the causes of our perceptions with a different interest before in part two he starts to develop the particular definitions of the single passions. First his aim appears to be exactly to form a clear and distinct idea of the passions in a general sense concerning which the main prob9 See Deleuze, Gilles: â€Å"Expressionism in Philosophy, Spinoza†, pp. 155-156 10 Ibid. , p. 156. In a footnote to this sentence, Deleuze quotes Descartes third meditation to give an example that is apt to show the extreme difference to Spinoza? method: â€Å"I recognize that it would not be possible for my nature to be as it is, that is, that I should have in myself the idea of God, did not God really exist. † 11 See Deleuze, Gilles: â€Å"Expressionism in Philosophy, Spinoza†, p. 159; Roth, Leon: â€Å"Spinoza and Cartesianism (II)†, p. 161 4 Christian Scherrer, student number: 013851259 lem seems to be that we usually feel our passions like effects in our soul itself, without seeing any proximate (physical or nervous) cause 12. Only by distinguishing them from the other (passive) perceptions we can have a clear and distinct idea of our passions in general. But in part two Descartes explains that for gaining knowledge of the particular passions this knowledge of the proximate physical cause (some particular movement in the pineal gland) will not suffice and that instead we have to ask for their first cause in order to distinguish the single passions. But, having in mind that Descartes wants to proceed from clear and distinct ideas to their causes and render them clear and distinct as well, the question seems to be again: How can we find the causes of the single passions, if we dont have a clear and distinct idea of them yet? And: Do we not need first the causes of the single passions in order to be able to distinguish them and see them clearly? How do we, so to say, fill the gap which is lurking here? But, as we can see in  §51, there is really a priority of the knowledge of effects over the knowledge of their causes, as Descartes writes: â€Å"( ) still it can be inferred from what has been said that all of these passions can be aroused by the objects that move the senses, and that these objects are their most common and principal causes: from this it follows that, for finding them all, it is sufficient to consider all the effects of these objects. In the next paragraph Descartes specifies that we have to consider, in enumerating and ordering the effects (the passions) in the soul, nothing than the different manners in which their causes have importance or are useful for us, and these manners we can find in the effects themselves before we can know their exact (physical) causes. After having distingu ished the single passions we then can go on to infer their exact causes and define them in a precise way. It is important to notice that the â€Å"passions principales† that Descartes enumerates in the beginning of the second part correlate to the clear and distinct ideas of the effects through which we want to infer their necessary causes, but that there is an additional step in between. It is actually the conclusion from a reduction along these preliminary characterizations to the six passions that are recurring in these everywhere to the reduction to physical causes through which we will be able to explain especially those â€Å"simple primitives† passions, which gives us the sense in which they are conceived as simple and primitive. According to Descartes, we do not need and will not find an independent, distinct cause for each of the principal passions, but as we saw that some of them are contained in the clear and distinct ideas of others and that those few together cover all of them, it will be sufficient to discover their causes alone. The explanations of the â€Å"passions particulieres† (at least in their physiological part) will depend solely on them. Even more, Descartes seems to infer that these six 12 See P §25: â€Å"Les perceptions quon raporte seulement a lame, sont celles dont on sent les effets comme en lame mesme, desquelles on ne connoist communement aucune cause prochaine, a laquelle on les puisse raporter. † 5 Christian Scherrer, student number: 013851259 basic passions are also â€Å"primitive† in a developmental psychological sense when he is tracing back the specific movements of the blood and animal spirits while feeling love, hate, joy, sadness and desire to first experiences of basic physiological processes in the soul after being connected with the body. Thus, the â€Å"primitive passions† are also more primitive as they occur first in every individuals life (see P §Ã‚ §107-111). And in a third sense they are primitive or simple as they can be conceived as simple or pure when we think of their initial occurrences in an individual and also the possibility of their being isolated from certain inclinations and dispositions or their combination/mixture with other primitive passions 13. So, we can read in  §82 about the different kinds of love that, if freed from all desires to possess, the love of a father to his children is pure, as well as can be (especially) admiratio and the other primitive passions. Thus Descartes â€Å"passions particuliers† are found to be complex, secondary passions as a result of his analytical or reductive method: First, they are explainable by means of the definitions or causes of the simple passions. Secondly, they develop in the process of experiences, in the interaction between body and soul out of the primitive passions. Thirdly, they are always mixed out of simple passions, they are their proportions in addition to certain physical inclinations and provoked by cer tain ideas. So, how does Spinoza arrive at defining primary passions and and how does he relate further ones to them? What are the principles behind his taxonomy? As we know, Spinoza does not use the concept of affect in a significant way before his definition in the beginning of the third part. This seems strange and dissatisfying from the perspective of Descartes` method. Does Spinoza just invent a definition? But as inventing does not at all appear like a methodical step in an inquiry, there seems to be a arbitrary element14. There are no conceptual analyses by means of relevant distinctions and no inferences of proximate or first causes from ideas that we can perceive clearly in our mind. What is rather the source for the general definition of affects in part three, the ground on which it rests, is Spinoza`s theory of mind and body, developed in the preceding part, whose major characteristic is its parallelism and which again has its origin in the metaphysics of substance mon 13 Indeed we find in most of the definitions of the particular passions in the third part of the â€Å"Passions de lAme† either an explanation through a certain inclination or disposition of the soul which are caused by a certain movement of the animal spirits in the brain that leave impressions which in return reinforce certain ideas that we form about an object (like in the case of esteem and disdain: see P §149). On the other hand there are those passion that are defined as mixtures of the movements that cause one or the other primitive passion (like in the case of hope and fear: see P §165) 14 See chapter 4 in Jonathan Bennett? s â€Å"A Study of Spinoza? s Ethics†, where he criticizes Spinozas geometrical method as highly self-referential or idiosyncratic and therefore not well founded. I believe that he is misinterpreting what Spinoza himself saw as the merits of his method, on which his â€Å"Tractatus de intellectus emendatione† can shed some light. 6 Christian Scherrer, student number: 013851259 ism in part one. Contrary to Descartes in the â€Å"Passions†, he therefore does not grasp an idea, like passion, action, perception and the like, to subsequently try through a process of analysis to arrive at an adequate definition of this concept by distinguishing it from other ideas; but really begins from his definition of substance, God, or Nature, from which he attempts to show that everything else follows. In the â€Å"Tractatus de intellectus emendatione†, Spinoza stresses that in attaining knowledge through a right method we can only proceed from causes to effects 15 and that we have therefore to start with the best definitions of what we take as a cause: â€Å"Quare recta inveniendi via est ex data aliqua definitione cogitationes formare: quod eo felicius et facilius procedet, quo rem aliquam melius definiverimus. †16. According to this, Spinoza`s way can be described rather like a productive process of construction (truly reminding of the geometrical sense) in which the developed figures are a posteriori given names that have already been familiar to us, like â€Å"action† and â€Å"passion†, â€Å"joy† and â€Å"sadness†. He is less looking for their appropriate content, but rather encounters or meets proceeding along the axioms, definitions and laws that he establishes by and by, and thus with a method – the true natures of those things of which we have always had only inadequate ideas. We can very well observe this procedure in how Spinoza arrives at his definitions of the basic af fects and we can also try to rightly understand the sense in which they are primitive or primary and the others composite or deduced. The crucial step in developing something that can bear the name â€Å"affect† is maybe, when in EIIIP4 first we find the proof (based on evidence) that a thing can only be destroyed by an external cause and then in EIIIP6, Spinoza concludes that, as nothing contrary to a subject? s existence can be part of it, there has to be a strive for self-perseverance in every thing according to its own nature. It is the conscious idea of this strive which explains our first basic affect: desire (cupiditas). The deduced strive for self-perseverance, named conatus, then also serves as the concept by which our two other primary affects can be understood: an alteration in our mind that conforms to our conatus will be called joy (laetitia), while an alteration opposed to it will be called sadness (tristitia). We should note here that between desire on the one hand and joy and sadness on the other there seems to be a certain difference, as Spinoza calls the latter ones in the same passage where he defines them â€Å"passiones†, whereas the former is first characterized only as affect and in 15 See the â€Å"Tractatus de intellectus emendatione†: â€Å"Nam revera cognitio effectus nihil es, quam perfectiorem causae cognitionem acquirere. (†¦) Sed optima conclusio erit depromende ab essentia aliqua particulari affirmativa, sive a vera et legitima definitione. †, p. 70; and also Deleuze, Gilles: â€Å"Expressionism in Philosophy, Spinoza†, pp. 157f. An important aspect is that Spinoza correlates a legitimate and true definition to an affirmative essence. There we can see that defining a certain thing can not consist in showing difference to another thing, be it even an essential difference, but only in affirming its positive essence. 16 Spinoza: â€Å"Tractatus de intellectus emendatione†, p. 70 7 Christian Scherrer, student number: 013851259 deed it seems difficult to conceive of how desire, as being the conscious idea of our conatus could be a passion. But Spinoza will specify (in EIIIP58 f. ) that joy as well as desire must and indeed only they can be called active insofar as their cause consists in an adequate idea. So, although desire might be taken somehow to follow from the two other basic affects, expressing rather a current condition of our mind than a transition into a different state of perfection, the guiding distinction that accounts for Spinoza? exclusive occupation with definitions of passions in part three, separates active desire and joy from passive desire, joy and sadness. Spinoza tells us in the same paragr aph in which he is introducing joy and sadness that he is acknow ledging only these along with desire as the three primary passions and that he will show how all the remaining originate in them 17. But how exactly does he achieve this? The main means which will allow him to account for a diversity of passions will be certain mechanisms or – better – dispositions of the mind by which it is urged to behave in a certain way and to proceed from one idea or one affect to another. The main enetic principles guiding the deduction of the variety of passions in part three are those of attribution of causality (through which love and hate are being defined), associ ation of affects (we can suffer a certain affect just because it has regularly accompanied another one, by which we are affected now, in the past), similarity (unknown things can cause affects in us simply because of their similarity to things we have already been affected by) and imitation (insofar as we have an idea of something similar to us suffering an affect, we will be naturally brought to suffer the same)18. Of great effectiveness are also Spinoza? s assumptions about how the mind will behave in reaction to certain ideas (for example to exclude the existence of a thing which is thought of as the cause of our sadness). These principles seem to suffice to develop the same variety of passions as have been defined by Descartes. But, as we have seen, there is obviously a significant difference between the two methods insofar as Spinoza, so to say, meets our common notions for passions on the way and annexes or almost usurps them for his purposes. The main focus about his method is on the deductive and genetic force of his concepts and definitions. This is why we often have to realize that, in spite of their relative conformity with how we would intuitively describe what our passions consist in, Spinoza is giving quite unconventional definitions that would maybe not convince us if taken out of the context of their interrelation. It is therefore not surprising that in several passages we find con 17 See EIIIP3: â€Å"( ) et praeter hos tres nullum alium agnosco affectum primarium: nam reliquos ex his tribus oriri in seqq. ostendam. † 18 See Renz, Ursula: â€Å"Spinoza: Philosophische Therapeutik der Emotionen†, pp. 322-327. 8 Christian Scherrer, student number: 013851259 iderations concerning the relation between his definitions and our common language for emotions, an aspect that is not at all as noticeable in Descartes because of his analytic approach that allows him to use our common language already before att aining to the knowledge of those phenomena we do have words for. Most remarkably, Spinoza admits that in defining the most important passions he does not want or can not (for some reason which might be very interesting to ask for as an explana tion of this fact) detach himself completely from the usual meanings of the names he adopts: â€Å"Haec nomina ex communi usu aliud significare scio. Sed meum institutum non est verborum significationem, sed rerum naturam explicare easque iis vocabulis indicare, quorum significatio, quam ex usu habent, a significatio, qua eadem usurpare volo, non omnino abhorrent, quod semel monuisse sufficat. † (EIIIDef. XX) On the other hand there is more than one passage in which seems to be completely indifferent to wards any affinities between his definitions and common meanings, as he repeatedly asserts that we can find much more affects than we have words for: â€Å"Et ad hunc modum concipere etiam possumus odium, spem, securitatem et alios affetus admirationi junctos; atque adeo plures affectus deducere poterimus, quam qui receptis vocabularis indicari solent. Unde apparent affectuum nomina inventa esse magis ex eorum vulgari usu quam eorundem accurata cognitione. † (EIIIP52Sch) Here again, it is significant that Spinoza talks of deducing an indefinite number of affects, while Descartes talks about distinguishing (see P §68). We also find the awareness in Descartes that he uses the general and particular words for our passions in a different way than we usually do (which seems always to go along with elaborating a theory). It may as well be supposed that Descartes ex pects there to be new combinations of the primitive passions that might lack a correspondent name in our ordinary language. But my comparison should have shown that the idea about generating new passions is of completely different kind than in Spinoza`s theory. Bibliography Beaney, Michael: Analysis, in: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed. ), URL = . Bennett, Jonathan: A Study of Spinoza? s Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1984. Christian Scherrer, student number: 013851259 Deleuze, Gilles: Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza, New York: Zone Books 1990. Descartes, Rene: Die Leidenschaften der Seele, Hamburg: Felix Meiner 1984. Renz, Ursula: Spinoza: Philosophische Therapeutik der E motionen, in: Klassische Emotionstheori en – Von Platon bis Wittgenstein, Hilge Landweer Ursula Renz (ed. ), Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter 2008. Spinoza, Baruch de: Opera/Werke, zweiter Band (Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione/Ethica), Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 1978. Spinoza, Baruch de: Ethik in geometrischer Ordnung dargestellt, Hamburg: Felix Meiner 2007. 10

US Policy toward the Kazakhstan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

US Policy toward the Kazakhstan - Term Paper Example From the very beginning United States had brought down some set of objectives in Central Asia, and had stuck these ideas to Kazakhstan, for this reason Kazakhstan remained the heart of Central Asia forever (Legvold, 82). The first country to recognize Kazakhstan was United States and this recognition took place on December 25, 1991. Since then a very strong bond had developed between these two countries (Kazakhstan). The administrations of United States starting from George H.W Bush to Clinton had made strategic decisions to achieve their goals (Legvold, 67). U.S. Policy According to President Obama main motive of Kazakhstan is to make sure that the country is well developed and stabilization is maintained in political sphere of the nation. According to the administration, Kazakhstan has made remarkable progress, and this was possible as U.S. had supported them throughout and finally the country gained independence in the year 1991 and could achieve their goals. For FY2012, U.S. government had helped to strengthen Kazakhstan as a strategic partner. The Obama administration had helped in launching annual bilateral consultations on various financial and political issues with Kazakhstan. The first meeting took place in Washington, DC, in the month of March 2010 and the second meeting took place in Astana which is Kazakhstan’s capital. ... The two leaders also decided various other ways by which Kazakhstan would help Afghanistan expand their transportation network in the northern region. President Obama also decided to continuously support the efforts of the government of Kazakhstan and helped in liberalizing its media and smoothen its political system with the help of legal reforms. Furthermore keeping in mind Obama’s interest in Kazakhstan, a consulate general named Almaty was opened (Nichol, 12-13). Economic Development of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is one of the most financially developed nations of the Central Asian Republics. A major portion of the GDP is generated by two sectors that are Oil and Gas. Kazakhstan has been ranked sixth in the field of producing wheat, and it is also known to be the major exporter of wheat in the world. Around 33% of the population lies below the poverty line. President Nazarbayev had launched a plan to create a financially well developed, educated and self-sufficient country with in 2030.Again in 2005 he proposed to bring Afghanistan within the top 50 developed countries of the world in the next ten years. He emphasized on restoring tax and budgetary policies and paid more attention to developing the manufacturing sector so that the GDP growth not solely depends on the Oil and Gas sectors. In the year 2010, President Nazarbayev proposed a five year plan to give a big push to the industrial sector, in order to reach their goal as planned for 2030 (Nichol, 7-8). The Kazakhstan Massacre December 16, 2011 could have been one of the most memorable days for the people of Afghanistan as the nation became independent on that very day. But inspite of being a day of celebration, it was transformed into a doom’s day. Due to the Kazakhstan Massacre,